Purification Methods Of Organic Compounds Pdf Download
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Adsorption...removes...a...soluble...impurity...from...a...feed...stream...by...trapping...it...on...the...surface...of...a...solid...material...such...as...activated...carbon...which...forms...strong...non-covalent...chemical...bonds...with...the...impurity....dissolved...in...a...very...pure...solvent,...and...then...crystallized,...and...the...crystals...recovered,...in...order...to...improve...and/or...verify...their...purity....Smelting..is..used..to..produce..metals..from..raw..ore,..and..involves..adding..chemicals..to..the..ore..and..heating..it..up..to..the..melting..point..of..the..metal...Centrifugation..is..a..process..in..which..light..particles..are..revolved..at..high..speed..with..the..help..of..an..electric..motor..so..that..the..fine..particles..which..do..not..settle..at..bottom..would..settle..down...Liquidliquid..extraction..removes..an..impurity..or..recovers..a..desired..product..by..dissolving..the..crude..material..in..a..solvent..in..which..other..components..of..the..feed..material..are..soluble...Refining....is....used....primarily....in....the....petroleum....industry,....whereby....crude....oil....is....heated....and....separated....into....stages....according....to....the....condensation....points....of....the....various....elements.....Chromatography...employs...adsorption...and...desorption...on...a...packed...bed...of...a...solid...to...purify...multiple...components...of...a...single...feed...stream....Fractionation...refers...to...a...purification...strategy...in...which...some...relatively...inefficient...purification...method...is...repeatedly...applied...to...isolate...the...desired...substance...in...progressively...greater...purity....This..removes..impurities..in..a..substance..that..an..electric..current..is..run..through...
Crystallization...separates...a...product...from...a...liquid...feed...stream,...often...in...extremely...pure...form,...by...cooling...the...feed...stream...or...adding...precipitants...which...lower...the...solubility...of...the...desired...product...so...that...it...forms...crystals....Fractional....Distillation....is....distillation....in....fractions......Filtration...is...a...mechanical...method...to...separate...solids...from...liquids...or...gases...by...passing...the...feed...stream...through...a...porous...sheet...such...as...a...cloth...or...membrane,...which...retains...the...solids...and...allows...the...liquid...to...pass...through....The..pure..solid..crystals..are..then..separated..from..the..remaining..liquor..by..filtration..or..centrifugation...Electrolysis..refers..to..the..breakdown..of..substances..using..an..electric..current...Evaporation..is..used..to..remove..volatile..liquids..from..non-volatile..solutes..which..cannot..be..done..through..filtration..due..to..the..small..size..of..the..substances...Downstream..processing..refers..to..purification..of..chemicals,..pharmaceuticals..and..food..ingredients..produced..by..fermentation..or..synthesized..by..plant..and..animal..tissues,..for..example..antibiotics,..citric..acid,..vitamin..E,..and..insulin...Sublimation...is...the...process...of...changing...of...any...substance...(usually...on...heating)...from...a...solid...to...a...gas...(or...from...gas...to...a...solid)...without...passing...through...liquid...phase....
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